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Current Australian Journal Abstracts
20 May 2008

This current awareness service provides a list of citations and abstracts produced for the Australian Family & Society Abstracts (AF&SA) database. The database includes articles from Australian journals and articles by Australian authors in overseas journals.

Journal articles comprise 50 per cent of the database with books, papers in edited collections, conference papers, research reports and government and statistical publications, making up the other half. AF&SA database now contains more than 69,000 citations and abstracts and is publicly available on the Australian host of research databases Informit Online.

The journals listed are available in libraries, from the Institute's Information Centre via the interlibrary loan system, or directly from the publisher/distributor. Address information is included and direct links are provided to online articles.

Previous list

Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal

Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal http://www.aihwj.com.au

Zoeller, Richard. (Communications Officer, TheMHS)
Closing the gap: the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 4-5

The Mental Health Services Summer Forum took place a week after the Federal Parliament's apology to the stolen generations. This conference report notes the Forum's spirit of optimism in the wake of the apology. The report discusses the main themes and perspectives of the Forum in relation to the social and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians, and the work that is going on to increase health equality between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians. The report summarises the presentations of Tom Calma, Helen Milroy, Marie Bashir, Ernest Hunter and Moe Milne.

Reconciliation Australia.
Apology to the stolen generations: questions and answers.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 8-10

Reconciliation Australia put together these answers to ten questions commonly heard in the public debate about saying sorry to the stolen generations. The ten questions are: Who are the stolen generations? How do we know these people's stories are true? Why is it important to apologise to the stolen generations? Why should Australians today apologise for something we aren't responsible for? What does an apology mean to me as a non Indigenous Australian? Why should we apologise when many Aboriginal people are actually better off because they were removed from dysfunctional families? Will an apology lead to claims for compensation from members of the stolen generations? Why is the word 'sorry' important as part of the apology? Why didn't the former Australian Government say 'sorry'? Will the apology mean that reconciliation has been achieved?

Jamieson, Robert; Tilley, Louise. (St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy Vic 3065 (1,2))
Physiotherapists give up their city life for Arnhem Land; The first two posts in Arnhem Land.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 14-15

A joint program of St Vincent's Hospital in Melbourne and the Northern Territory Government provides physiotherapists from St Vincent's to work at Nhulunbuy in East Arnhem Land when the NT Government is unable to fill the two funded positions there. The Melbourne physiotherapists take leave without pay from St Vincent's and are directly employed by the NT Government for a four month period. The first of these articles describes the program and how it operates. The second presents the personal account of the first two physiotherapists posted to Nhulunbuy, in which they talk of the cultural adjustments they had to make, getting to know the local Yolngu people and finding out about their way of life, and the rewards of their work in Nhulunbuy. Although having a four month visiting physiotherapist is not as good as having permanent staffing, it does provide a means of offering a sustainable physiotherapy service when otherwise there would be none.

Zandes, Stavroula; Holloway, Elizabeth; Mason, Toni. (Cessation Settings Manager (1), Training Officer (2), Aboriginal Tobacco Control Coordinator (3), Quit Victoria)
Quit Victoria's Darwin and Alice Springs educator training.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 16-17

In 2007, Quit Victoria and the Northern Territory Alcohol and Drug Program ran Educator Training programs and training for health professionals in Darwin and Alice Springs. There are high smoking rates in both these areas; some communities have up to 80 per cent of smokers. Program participants included Aboriginal health workers, alcohol and drug counsellors, nurses and community support officers. The benefits of the programs were felt in both directions, with trainers having the opportunity to share ideas with and think about the practical solutions contributed by Aboriginal health workers. This article discusses local issues relating to smoking and drug use and some of the solutions offered to achieve better outcomes.

Kanowski, Len. (Deputy Director, Mental Health First Aid, ORYGEN Research Centre, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville Vic 3052)
National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health First Aid (AMHFA) program.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 18-19

Mental health first aid (MHFA) is defined as the help provided to a person developing a mental health problem or in a mental health crisis until professional treatment is available or crisis is resolved. A culturally adapted 14 hour course, based on the internationally recognised MHFA course, has been developed in consultation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The Aboriginal Mental Health First Aid (AMHFA) course is now being delivered throughout Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Undertaking the course will assist community members and workplaces to help people with mental illness in their communities. This article provides a description of the AMFHA course, and describes the cultural adaptation of the MHFA course, who conducts the courses, how to find out about the course, and the role of evaluation.

Thomson, Neil; Hardy, Amy. (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Centre for Public Health, Edith Cowan University (1,2))
Summary of Indigenous health: hepatitis.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 20-21

Hepatitis is a significant health problem among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This article describes the causes, symptoms and effects of the disease. It provides statistics for hepatitis A, B and C in the Indigenous and non Indigenous populations, and discusses vaccination against hepatitis A and B and other means of reducing infection rates among Indigenous Australians.

Hanssens, Leonore. (PhD Candidate, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909)
Clusters of suicide: the need for a comprehensive postvention response to sorrow in Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory.
Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal v.32 no.2 Mar-Apr 2008: 25-33

This article outlines some issues and models developed to address the gaps in training and to identify the needs of Indigenous people experiencing bereavement, traumatic grief and loss. It recognises the unique experience and different aspects of suicide bereavement, traumatic grief and loss within the culture of Indigenous Australians. It also supports the deepening respect for the unique social, physical, cultural, emotional and spiritual needs of Indigenous people regarding suicide bereavement. It may help in the understanding that loss, grief, trauma and bereavement are more a collective and cumulative experience in Indigenous communities. It may also enable us to support Indigenous people, families and communities in their journey through bereavement, aid in the reconciliation and acknowledgement of their devastating history, and empower them to heal from within. (Journal abstract, edited)

Alternative Law Journal

Alternative Law Journal, Law Faculty, Monash University http://www.altlj.org/

Heske, Caroline. (Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909)
Interpreting Aboriginal justice in the Territory.
Alternative Law Journal v.33 no.1 Mar 2008: 5-9

An estimated 50 per cent of defendants and a large proportion of witnesses appearing in Northern Territory courts experience criminal justice in a foreign language. There is no legal right to an interpreter in the Northern Territory, although there is a requirement that an interpreter be provided at various stages of a criminal proceeding. The pool of interpreters is limited, and it can be difficult to obtain an appropriate interpreter where and when required. There are about 76 Aboriginal languages spoken in the Northern Territory, and about 200 interpreters registered with the Aboriginal Interpreter Service. There are only one or two interpreters with competence in some language groups. This article sets out the various junctures in criminal proceedings at which interpreters are called for, the difficulties of cross cultural translation, and problems with quality of interpretation. It discusses the social and cultural aspects of Aboriginal interpreters' work, the need for funding to recruit and train new interpreters and to provide professional development, support and stable employment for interpreters. It also discusses the need for competent interpreters beyond the criminal justice system, and proposes improved bilingual education for Aboriginal students as a longer term solution.

Sutton, Jo.
Emergency welfare reforms: a mirror to the past?
Alternative Law Journal v.33 no.1 Mar 2008: 27-30

A key element of the Northern Territory 'emergency response' package was the welfare reform that provided for the quarantining of social security payments. This article describes the social security reforms in the 2007 Welfare Payment Reform Act, and suggests amendments to improve them. It explains the mechanism of income management and compares the Northern Territory regime with the national and Cape York regimes. The article argues that while all three regimes adopt a punitive and paternalistic approach to welfare recipients, the Northern Territory scheme represents the most extreme variant, in which all welfare payments are quarantined, and one that appears to be informed by the ethnocentricity of earlier colonial policies. It urges the repeal of the discriminatory Northern Territory regime and its replacement with a targeted approach in which the threat only of income management attaches to the welfare payments of parents.

Thackrah, Andrew. (Postgraduate Student, School of Humanities, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009)
From neutral to drive: Australian anti-discrimination law and identity.
Alternative Law Journal v.33 no.1 Mar 2008: 31-35

The manner in which Australian anti discrimination law understands individual and collective identities is examined in this article, which argues that the current body of law does not adequately reflect the complexity of individual and collective identity and the reality of how discrimination is experienced. The anti discrimination law largely ignores the intersectionality of discrimination, whereby some individuals are discriminated against on a number of overlapping grounds. The current laws also demonstrate the potential to essentialise collective identity attributes. In addition, the deliberate neutrality of some key anti discrimination statutes can result in the overshadowing of their beneficial purposes. The article suggests changes to existing anti discrimination legislation that would better reflect the processes by which identity is formed and the way in which discrimination is experienced. These suggestions largely hinge on the development of a wider ranging body of legislation designed to achieve specific outcomes without defining specific protected grounds or attributes.

Tobin, John. (University of Melbourne, Vic 3010)
Recognising same-sex parents: bringing legitimacy to the law.
Alternative Law Journal v.33 no.1 Mar 2008: 36-40

Same sex parented families have become an increasingly prevalent feature of Australian society. However, although Western Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory all recognise, at least to some degree, the legal status of these families, and Victoria intends to do so, their status is not uniform throughout these jurisdictions and is not recognised at all by Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia and the Commonwealth. Opposition to recognition of same sex parented families generally relies on the best interests and rights of the child. This article examines the question of recognition of same sex parenting in relation to the best interests and rights of the child. It considers: whether there is a right to a family consisting of a mother and a father; the prohibition against discrimination; the right to birth registration; and, the right to an identity. It evaluates existing schemes that enable recognition, and concludes that children living in same sex parented families not only deserve but also have an entitlement under international law to have their parents recognised.

Behrendt, Larissa; Watson, Nicole. (Professor of Law and Director of Research (1), Senior Research Fellow (2), Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007)
A response to Louis Nowra.
Alternative Law Journal v.33 no.1 Mar 2008: 45-47

In two 2007 publications, the book 'Bad dreaming: Aboriginal men's violence against women and children' and the article 'Culture of denial', Louis Nowra asserts that violence is innate in Indigenous Australian cultures. This article critiques the two works and finds that they lack intellectual rigour. Nowra fails to consider the work of anthropologists and historians or the perspectives of Aboriginal people themselves. He takes no account of the influence of colonisation on Aboriginal women, or of the trans generational trauma rooted in dispossession and occupation, which undermine his argument that sexual abuse in contemporary Aboriginal communities has its origin in Indigenous cultures rather than in invasion. Nowra describes in some detail the horrific results of sexual abuse, but offers no solution for dealing with the root of the problem.

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

Public Health Association of Australia http://www.phaa.net.au/

Yeatman, Heather. (School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522)
Window of opportunity: positioning food and nutrition policy within a sustainability agenda.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 107-109

Public health professionals have an opportunity to refocus national attention on food and nutrition policy, within a sustainability agenda. A broadly based national Food and Nutrition Policy was developed in 1992. However, its implementation has been selective and primarily based within the health sector. Other major policy areas, for example, industry, agriculture and trade, have dominated Australian nutrition and health policy. A broad, whole of government commitment to a comprehensive food and nutrition policy that engages with the community is required to achieve outcomes in terms of public health, a sustainable environment and viable food production for future generations. (Journal abstract)

Thomas, David P; Briggs, Viki; Anderson, Ian P S; Cunningham, Joan. (Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811, and Centre for Health and Society, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010 (1,4); Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Tobacco Control, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010 (2); Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit, Centre for Health and Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010 (3))
The social determinants of being an Indigenous non-smoker.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 110-116

Data from the 2002 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey were analysed in order to examine the association between various social factors and being a non smoker in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. The results showed that about half of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population aged 15 years and over smoked, about 33 per cent had never smoked, and about 15 per cent were ex smokers. Higher socio economic status was strongly associated with being a non smoker. People who had been arrested within the last five years were 4.5 times less likely to be non smokers, and people who had been removed from their families were half as likely to be non smokers. Although there is a high prevalence of smoking in all groups, the poorest and most socially disadvantaged are the least likely to be non smokers. The need for Indigenous tobacco control programs to target more disadvantaged groups is discussed.

Walker, Sue; Chen, Linping; Madden, Richard. (National Centre for Classification in Health, School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove Qld 4059 (1,2); National Centre for Classification in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (3))
Deaths due to suicide: the effects of certification and coding practices in Australia.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 126-130

An outline is presented of the way in which official Australian suicide data are captured and coded, and issues are highlighted that relate to the classification used, coronial processes, documentation requirements and data sources that have an impact on the final reported data, especially deaths associated with coronial investigations. Issues related to the coding of Australian suicide data are identified as: disparity between jurisdictions due to differences in documentation about accidental or undetermined causes of death; lack of standardisation in the way that coronial deaths are reported across Australia; lack of a standard form for police reports; administrative processes that cause delays in reporting the results of coronial investigations; reluctance on the part of some coroners to report deaths as suicides. Researchers and policy makers need to be aware of the constraints under which suicide can be reported as such in the official data before interpreting time trends. (Journal abstract, edited)

Raynes-Greenow, Camille H; Nassar, Natasha; Roberts, Christine L. (Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (1,3); Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872 (2))
Residential mobility in a cohort of primiparous women during pregnancy and post-partum.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 131-134

The aim of this study was to quantify the residential mobility rate in a population of pregnant women expecting their first baby. Residential mobility was verified in a cohort of 585 primiparous Australian women who were enrolled in late pregnancy and had participated in a randomised controlled trial, who were followed up to at least 16 weeks postpartum. A residential mobility rate of 19 per cent was found. Movers and non movers differed by socio demographic factors, with movers more likely be younger and not living with a partner. Most prospective epidemiological studies can expect some attrition in the study population. The family formation period is acknowledged as a highly mobile time and this mobility may contribute to loss of follow up. Researchers planning prospective studies in pregnant populations should therefore consider the impact of residential mobility, especially differential mobility, and implement strategies to reduce attrition and optimise response rates. (Journal abstract, edited)

Cunningham, Joan; O' Dea, Kerin; Dunbar, Terry; Maple-Brown, Louise. (Menzies School of Health Research (1,4), School of Education and Graduate School of Health Practice (3), Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010 (2))
Perceived weight versus Body Mass Index among urban Aboriginal Australians: do perceptions and measurements match?
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 135-138

In order to examine the relationship between perceived body weight and measured Body Mass Index (BMI) among urban Aboriginal Australian adults, responses to a question on perceived weight were compared with measured health and weight among 248 Aboriginal volunteers 15 years and over who took part in a larger health study in the Darwin area between September 2003 and March 2004. The results showed that being male and having diabetes were significantly associated with under assessment of weight, but study participants with BMI of 25 or greater were generally able to classify themselves appropriately as overweight. Although the study showed that lack of awareness of weight is unlikely to represent a major barrier to engaging Aboriginal people, other barriers exist. Both individual level and environmental / structural approaches are required to reduce the burden of obesity among Aboriginal Australians. (Journal abstract, edited)

Brown, Wendy J; Hockey, Richard; Dobson, Annette J. (School of Human Movement Studies (1), School of Population Health (2,3), University of Queensland, Qld 4072)
Physical activity, Body Mass Index and health care costs in mid-age Australian women.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 150-155

This study examined the relationships between combined categories of physical activity (PA) and Body Mass Index (BMI) with health care costs in women and assessed the potential cost savings of improving PA and BMI in sedentary mid age women. Cross sectional analysis was undertaken for 2001 survey data linked to health service use data for the same year from 7,004 mid age women (50-55 years) participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The results showed that the mean annual cost of Medicare subsidised services was $542 per woman. Costs were 17 per cent higher in obese than in healthy weight women and 26 per cent higher in sedentary than in moderately active women. For sedentary obese women, mean costs were 43 per cent higher than in healthy weight, moderately active women. After adjustment for potential confounders, the relative risk of 'high' claims (15 or more claims per year) for overweight women who reported 'moderate' or 'high' PA were lower than for women with healthy BMI who reported no PA. The study concluded that lower PA and higher BMI are both associated with higher health care costs, but costs are lower for overweight active women than for healthy weight sedentary women. At the population level these data suggest that there would be significant cost savings if all sedentary mid age women could achieve at least 'low' levels of PA (60-150 minutes a week). (Journal abstract, edited)

Wilson, Carlene; Flight, Ingrid; Hart, Elizabeth; Turnbull, Deborah; Cole, Steve; Young, Graeme. (CSIRO Human Nutrition, Flinders University, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5001 (1,2,3); University of Adelaide, SA 5005 (4); Repatriation General Hospital and Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001 (5,6))
Internet access for delivery of health information to South Australians older than 50.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health v.32 no.2 Apr 2008: 174-176

An exploratory study was undertaken to determine the proportion of people aged 50-76 years who have Internet access, the location of this access, predictive characteristics of such access, and preparedness to receive unsolicited health information through this medium. A random sample of 1,000 South Australians was invited to answer questions about their access to the Internet and attitude towards receiving unsolicited health information via the Internet. Of the 41 per cent who provided information, 59 per cent indicated that they had Internet access, mostly at home. Men were more likely than women to have home access. Higher educational achievement, higher economic status and younger age were all significantly associated with access. Of those who had access, 65 per cent would be willing to receive health information through the Internet. The study concluded that there is a general acceptance of the possibility of receiving health promoting material via this medium. However, delivery via the Internet alone would disadvantage those who are less educated, less financially well off and older. It is likely that a generational change in the entire nature of public communication will influence the efficiency and effectiveness of preventive health promotion delivery via the Internet. In order to facilitate improved health outcomes, issues of disparity of access must be addressed. (Journal abstract, edited)

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists http://www.ranzcp.org/

Marie, Dannette; Fergusson, David M; Boden, Joseph M. (Honorary Research Fellow, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland (1); Professor and Executive Director (2), Senior Research Fellow (3), Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch NZ)
Ethnic identification, social disadvantage and mental health in adolescence/young adulthood: results of a 25 year longitudinal study.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.4 Apr 2008: 293-300

The aim of this study was to examine the role of cultural identity and social disadvantage / childhood adversity in a birth cohort of 984 young people to the age of 25. Data were gathered on mental health, cultural identification, socioeconomic factors and childhood adversity as part of a longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort (the Christchurch Health and Development Study). The results showed that those with sole Maori identity had rates of disorder that were 1.28 times higher than those of non Maori, and those of Maori and other identity had rates of disorder that were 1.57 times higher than non Maori. It is suggested that elevated rates of mental disorder among Maori are largely explained by higher exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage and childhood adversity. But even after adjustment, being of sole Maori identity was a protective factor that reduced rates of mental disorder among Maori. The study concluded that risk and protective factors associated with the mental health of young Maori involve an interplay between levels of exposure to social disadvantage or childhood adversity and cultural identity, with secure cultural identity being a factor that may mitigate the effects of exposure to adversity.

Lee, Adeline; Browne, Mark Oakley; Villanueva, Elmer. (Research Fellow (1), Professor and Director (2), Associate Professor (3), Department of Rural and Indigenous Health, Monash University, PO Box 973, Moe Vic 3825)
Consequences of using SF-12 and RAND-12 when examining levels of well-being and psychological distress.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.4 Apr 2008: 315-323

Data from a rural community mental health survey of 5641 participants were analysed in order to explore the consequences of using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the RAND-12 Health Status Inventory (RAND-12) for estimation of associations between its component scores and the levels of well being and psychological distress. The results showed that both SF-12 and RAND-12 component scores were generally positively associated with well being and negatively associated with psychological distress. Median scores were similar despite scoring techniques used. However, distribution of scores differed whereby the RAND-12 yielded wider spread of scores in measures of well being and psychological distress when compared to the SF-12. A larger proportion of participants was classified as having moderate and severe disability under the RAND-12 compared to the SF-12. It is recommended that users of the SF-12 and the RAND-12 are aware of the implications of utilising either of the scoring techniques. Scoring techniques used should ideally be based on the theoretical basis of the study with consideration of the target population. Researchers may wish to use the SF-12 if distinct uncorrelated physical and mental constructs are required and for studies on clinical populations. In contrast, RAND-12 should be used if correlated physical and mental constructs are required and if the study is on community or general populations. (Journal abstract, edited)

Hutchinson, Delyse M; Alati, Rosa; Najman, Jake M; Mattick, Richard P; Bor, William; O'Callaghan, Michael; Williams, Gail M. (Research Fellow (1), Director and Professor (4), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052; Research Fellow (2), Director (7), Longitudinal Study Unit, Director, Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research Education Centre (3), School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Qld 4072; Director, Mater Centre for Service Research in Mental Health (5), Paediatrician (6), Mater Children' s Hospital, South Brisbane Qld)
Maternal attitudes in pregnancy predict drinking initiation in adolescence.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.4 Apr 2008: 324-334

The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal attitudes to pregnancy and infant caregiving predict drinking initiation in adolescence. Data were used from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy, an Australian longitudinal study of mothers and their children from pregnancy to when the children were 14 years. Logistic regression analyses examined whether maternal attitudes to pregnancy and infant caregiving at birth and 6 months contributed to the prediction of drinking initiation at age 14, after controlling for a range of confounding covariates. The results showed that mothers' negative feelings about being pregnant and not planning or wanting the pregnancy predicted adolescent alcohol initiation at the 14 year follow up. Negative maternal attitudes to infant caregiving at birth and 6 months did not predict adolescent alcohol initiation. The study concluded that maternal attitudes in pregnancy are important and there is a need for effective perinatal interventions. (Journal abstract, edited)

Spitzer, Carsten; Barnow, Sven; Gau, Kay; Freyberger, Harald J; Grabe, Hans Joergen. (Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald am HANSE-Klinkum Stralsund, Germany (1,2,3,4,5))
Childhood maltreatment in patients with somatization disorder.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.4 Apr 2008: 335-341

There is converging evidence indicating a close association between trauma, particularly childhood trauma, and adult somatisation, but studies using both structured interviews and self report measures to assess childhood adversities in patients with somatisation disorder are scarce. In this study, a total of 28 patients with somatisation disorder underwent the Structured Trauma Interview (STI) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The comparison group consisted of 28 patients with major depression but without a lifetime diagnosis of somatisation disorder. Results showed that somatising patients had been exposed to childhood sexual and physical abuse significantly more often than major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Sexual abuse emerged as the only significant predictor, and the odds of having been sexually abused were ninefold higher in patients with somatisation disorders relative to MDD subjects. There were no differences between somatising and depressed participants with respect to other types of maltreatment. The study concluded that childhood sexual abuse is an important factor in the multifactorial aetiopathogenesis of somatisation disorder. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed. (Journal abstract, edited)

Meehan, Tom J; King, Robert J; Beavis, Pam H; Robinson, Jacqueline D. (Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, and The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Richlands Qld (1,2,4); The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Richlands Qld (3))
Recovery-based practice: do we know what we mean or mean what we know?
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.3 Mar 2008: 177-182

The concept of recovery is now widely promoted as the guiding principle for the provision of mental health services in Australia and overseas. While there is increasing pressure on service providers to ensure that services are recovery oriented, the way in which recovery based practice is operationalised at the coalface presents a number of challenges. These are discussed in the context of five key questions that address: the appropriateness of recovery as a focus for service delivery; the distinction between recovery as a process and an outcome; the assessment of recovery initiatives; the alignment of recovery with current service delivery models; and, the risks associated with recovery based practice. It is argued that these questions provide a framework for a debate that must extend beyond patients and providers of mental health services to the broader public, whose attitudes will ultimately determine the possibilities and limits of recovery oriented practice. (Journal abstract)

Taylor, Kathryn M; Sharpe, Louise. (School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (1,2))
Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless adults in Sydney.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.3 Mar 2008: 206-213

International studies indicate high prevalence rates of post traumatic stress disorder within homeless populations. In Australia, studies indicate high rates of trauma among homeless adults, yet post traumatic stress disorder has not been investigated in homeless Australian adults. The primary aim of this project was to determine the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder among homeless adults in Sydney, and to determine whether the onset of post traumatic stress disorder preceded the first episode of homelessness or was a consequence of homelessness. A computer assisted face to face structured clinical interview was conducted with each participant in a sample of 70 homeless men and women aged 18-73 years. Lifetime prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder was determined via the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The majority of the sample had experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, and the mean number of traumas per person was six. The 12 month prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder among participants was 41 per cent, in comparison with 1.5 per cent in the Australian general population. In 59 per cent of cases, the onset of post traumatic stress disorder preceded the age of the first reported homeless episode. The study found that trauma and post traumatic stress disorder more often precede homelessness, but re victimisation is common. These findings highlight the high mental health needs among homeless people and have implications for services for homeless people. (Journal abstract, edited)

Grigg, Margaret; Judd, Fiona; Komiti, Angela; Ryan, Lisa. (Centre for Rural Mental Health, Bendigo Health Care Group, PO Box 126, Bendigo Vic 3552 (1,2,3,4))
Quality of housing among patients of an area mental health service.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry v.42 no.3 Mar 2008: 244-250

The aims of this study were to: assess the quality of housing for patients receiving treatment from an area mental health service; compare estimates of quality of housing using two different methods - housing type versus housing characteristics; determine whether either method for assessing quality is more useful than a combination; and, examine the relationship between housing quality and case manager's assessment of the impact of the housing on the patient's mental disorder. A survey was developed that included the demographics of the patient, housing type, living arrangements, housing characteristics as assessed by the patient's case manager, and an overall assessment by the case manager of the impact that the housing has on the patient's mental disorder. Surveys were completed for a total of 362 patients in the Loddon Campaspe Southern Mallee region of Victoria in 2003. Just under 10 per cent of patients were identified as homeless in that the person either had no housing or was living in a shelter or accommodation frequently associated with homeless persons. Almost half of the patients in the sample had housing that was either not affordable, not secure, not safe or not appropriate to their needs; that is, their housing met at least one of a range of criteria defining poor quality housing. Housing characteristics identified a higher proportion of people with poor quality housing than did housing type. Case managers' assessments generally failed to identify a potential negative impact of poor quality housing on the person's mental disorder. (Journal abstract, edited)

Australian Family Lawyer

Law Council of Australia http://www.familylawsection.org.au/

Rathus, Zoe. (Senior Lecturer, Law School, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan Qld 4111)
How judicial officers are applying new Part VII of the Family Law Act: a guide to application and interpretation.
Australian Family Lawyer v.20 no.2 Autumn 2008: 5-20

With the commencement of the Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 on 1 July 2006, Australian family law introduced a new presumption of equal shared parental responsibility, but with emphasis that the best interests of the child is the paramount consideration in making decisions about children. These provisions are now included in Part VII of the Family Law Act. However, they have caused some concern for judicial officers and legal practitioners in how they ought to be applied. This article discusses the application and interpretation of these amended sections, with reference to new case law concerning child custody, domestic violence, and relocation and endeavours to provide legal practitioners with a practical guide. The author comments on how the laws have begun to be interpreted, the intentions of the Act, and what considerations ought to be given weight when applying the law.

Pietsch, Rebecca. (Senior Adviser, Child Support Legal Services, Child Support Agency, Australia)
A new child support formula and other reforms.
Australian Family Lawyer v.20 no.2 Autumn 2008: 35-40

The Australian Child Support Scheme was reviewed in 2004-2005 by a Ministerial Taskforce, which recommended an entirely new formula to improve fairness, reflect changing costs of care, and promote compliance. To accommodate the long lead times of these substantial changes, a three-stage introduction has been planned. This article summarises the completed and upcoming changes to the Scheme, and discusses their rationale and the 'income shares' approach. Stage one in July 2006, included caps on assessed income for high-income earners, an increased minimum payment, and provisions for capacity to earn. Stage two in January 2007, included the use of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal for settling disputes. Stage 3 in July 2008 will introduce the new assessment formula for child support liabilities. The new formula treats each parent's income in the same way after allowing for a self support allowance to find the resources that each parent has available to support the children. A Costs of Children Table is used to find the costs of the child or children. Either parent is able to meet some of their costs through child care. Greater flexibility and transparency are noted as benefits of the new formula - for example, the fact that some elements can be independently adjusted through court orders, administrative departures or child support agreements, and other variations are possible to recognise the particular circumstances of the parents and their children.

Fogarty, John. (Former Judge, Appeal Division, Family Court of Australia)
Is it meaningful for a child to visit gaol?
Australian Family Lawyer v.20 no.2 Autumn 2008: 46-55

The Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 introduced the presumption of equal shared parental responsibility, with its primary consideration of the benefit to the child in having a meaningful relationship with both parents. The author is concerned that the amendment may be interpreted to assess all contact as good, both in assessing what is meaningful and beneficial and in imposing impractical or unwanted relationships and that the welfare of the child may not be properly considered in the situation of the children of incarcerated parents. In answering the question is it in the child's best interests to visit a parent in gaol, the author considers guiding principles, and explores issues of the welfare of the children, the other parent, court proceedings, other contact methods, and provides pre and post 2006 case examples.

Australian Journal of Primary Health

Australian Institute for Primary Care, La Trobe University in association with the Primary and Community Health Network http://www.latrobe.edu.au/aipc/ajph

Cashin, Andrew; Potter, Emily; Stevens, Warren; Davidson, Kerri; Muldoon, Diane. (Centre for Health Research in Criminal Justice, NSW Justice Health, Suite 302 Level 2, Westfield Office Tower, 152 Bunnerong Road, Pagewood NSW 2035 (1); University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007 (1,2); NSW Justice Health, PO Box 150, Matraville NSW 2036 (2,4,5); Department of Corrective Services, GPO Box 31, Sydney NSW 2001 (3))
Moving and thinking behind bars: the effectiveness of an exercise and health education program on psychological distress of incarcerated people with, or at risk of developing, a chronic illness.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 9-16

Rates of chronic illness within the New South Wales prison population are alarmingly high. Population approaches to health care and community development pose some unique challenges in the context of prisons. These challenges are discussed in the context of the report on the results of a small pilot randomised control trial conducted within one New South Wales prison that investigated the effect of a 12-week exercise and health education program on male inmates' psychological distress. The exercise program targeted individuals with a chronic illness, those who had two or more risk factors for developing a chronic illness and/or inmates over 40 years of age. The psychological distress of the inmate participants was measured weekly using a modied Kessler 10 tool. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups pre- or post- the exercise program. There was also no significant correlation between total psychological distress and participating or not participating in the exercise. A further study, with a larger sample size and different tool, is recommended. (Journal abstract)

Nagel, Tricia; Robinson, Gary; Trauer, Thomas; Condon, John. (Menzies School of Health Research, Northern Territory University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811 (1); School for Social and Policy Research (2), Institute of Advanced Studies (4), Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010 (3))
An approach to treating depressive and psychotic illness in Indigenous communities.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 17-24

This study is one of the activities of a multi-site research program, the Australian Mental Health Initiative (AIMhi), funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council. AIMhi in the Northern Territory collaborated with Aboriginal mental health workers and Northern Territory remote service providers in developing a range of resources and strategies to promote improved Indigenous mental health outcomes. A brief intervention that combines the principles of motivational interviewing, problem solving therapy and chronic disease self-management is described. The intervention has been integrated into a randomised controlled trial. Early findings suggest that the strategy and its components are well received by clients with chronic mental illness, and their carers, in remote communities. (Journal abstract)

Kralik, Debbie; Visentin, Kate; March, Geoff; Anderson, Barbara; Gilbert, Andrew; Boyce, Merilyn. (Research Unit, Royal District Nursing Service, Wayville SA 5034 (1,2); Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre (4,5), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (3), University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000; SA Divisions of General Practice Inc., 66 Greenhill Road, Wayville SA 5034 (6))
Medication management for community-dwelling older people with dementia and chronic illness.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 25-35

This paper reports the findings of an integrative review of the literature on medication managementfor individuals who live in the community and have both chronic illness and mild to moderate dementia. The review summarises what is known about this topic, evaluates and compares previous research on the topic of medication management for people with dementia, and locates gaps in current work, thus pointing to directions for future research. Dementia is a national health priority for Australia. A significant component of community care for people with dementia is the management and administration of the medications required for other chronic conditions. Medication management is a broad term that encompasses several aspects, such as client-centred medication review, rational prescribing and support, repeat prescribing, client information/education, capacity to communicate with multiple health providers and having access to medicines. Cognitive impairment has been associated with medication management issues so it is important to ensure quality outcomes of medicine use by community-dwelling older people with dementia. The literature revealed a number of issues, such as the importance of person-centred care, the need for the coordination of care, and consumer partnerships in medication management. These are all important considerations in planning primary care services to support people with dementia and chronic illnesses. People with dementia who have chronic illness require coordinated, tailored, and flexible care processes in the community. There exists a range of services and programs such as home medicine reviews to support people living in the community with chronic illness and dementia; however, there is little coordination of care and evaluation of interventions is, at best, inconsistent. Currently, Australia lacks an integrative primary health care (PHC) framework within which consumer involvement in decision-making and/or care planning is valued and sought. Current services are limited in the degree to which there is collaboration between key partners and Australian PHC initiatives are fragmented and have limited impact on service delivery. (Journal abstract)

Howard, Jo. (Inner South Community Health Service, 18 Mitford Street, St Kilda Vic 3181)
Domestic violence screening: findings of a pilot project conducted by allied health staff in community health.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 43-51

This article examines a pilot project that introduces screening for domestic violence into an allied health team at a community health service. The screening was delivered over a three month period from May 2005, with 44 clients screened. The article explores the context in which the project was initiated, the experience of allied health staff in undertaking the screening, and project findings. It concludes that although the screening did not result in significant numbers of women disclosing domestic violence, it enhanced the capacity of allied health staff to respond to women who have experienced domestic violence, and strengthened the linkages between allied health and counselling staff. (Journal abstract)

Rogers, Nich. (Formerly Youth Substance Abuse Service, 131 Johnston St, Fitzroy, Vic 3065)
From 'treatment' to 'care': developing youth drug treatment services using a social model of health.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 52-58

The Youth Substance Abuse Service (YSAS) was conceived and developed as a youth alcohol and other drug (AOD) service when few adolescent treatment models existed. Although initially funded to provide drug support and treatment, their developing practice, training and research findings encouraged them to view their role more broadly. Now with 10 years' experience, YSAS increasingly draws on social health concepts and primary health practices to describe their work with young drug users. Through their growing practice and training experience they have developed services to meet client needs. Evaluation of these services and further research has refined their thinking and provided a theoretical basis for their work. This paper describes the evolution of a youth AOD service and demonstrates how social health concepts and primary health practices have helped frame and facilitate responses to young drug users during YSAS' first 10 years. (Journal abstract)

Sheriff, June N; Chenoweth, Lynn. (South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service, 125 Birrell Street, Waverley NSW 2024 (1,2); Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 222, Lindfield NSW 2070 (2))
Ageing well in the over 45s: using a health check log.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 90-96

This study aimed to promote health awareness, health monitoring skills, timely consultation with health professionals and health-related quality of life for persons 45 years and over through maintaining a specially-designed Health Check Log (HCL). A pre-/post-test quasi-experimental research design was employed with data triangulation, to compare health-related quality of life for treatments with matched controls. Data were obtained from a convenience sample of 120 community-dwelling participants and 69 health professionals living and/or working in the South Eastern Sydney / Illawarra Area Health Service catchment area, and volunteer members of the Council on the Ageing. Eighty of the treatment group maintained the HCL for 12 months. Outcome measures included the SF-36 health survey, monthly / bi-monthly telephone / electronic mail interviews, feedback survey, and focus group discussions. The majority of participants reported that keeping the HCL raised levels of awareness (69%), assisted in developing skills (59%) and confidence (57%) in assessing and monitoring health, and in adopting preventative illness approaches (54%). Stratified analyses of the SF-36 health survey revealed significant differences between groups at post-test; in particular, positive health perceptions in those who are retired and living on their own. (Journal abstract)

Walsh, Deborah. (School of Social Work and Human Services, University of Queensland, Qld 4072)
The hidden experience of violence during pregnancy: a study of 400 pregnant Australian women.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 97-105

This article reports on the results of research into violence experienced by women during pregnancy, undertaken at a large public tertiary obstetric hospital in Australia. Participants in the research included 400 women from diverse backgrounds, recruited from the Royal Women's Hospital Antenatal clinic in Melbourne. The methodology for the research included a structured interview framework into which was incorporated a modified version of the Abusive Behaviour Inventory (AM). The study found that 20% (n=80) of women interviewed reported experiencing violence during their pregnancy and that they did not disclose this to their health care professionals, thus suffering the abuse in silence. An increase in physical violence was reported by 6% (n=25); however; the majority of women reported that the level of violence and abuse remained the same throughout the pregnancy. It was found that a range of abusive behaviours were reported by the women interviewed, which resulted in three very distinct profile groups emerging from the data. (Journal abstract, edited)

Allan, Julaine; Ball, Patrick. (Centre for Inland Health (1), Rural Pharmacy, School of Biomedical Sciences (2), Charles Sturt University, PO Box 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678)
Developing a competitive advantage: considerations from Australia for the recruitment and retention of rural and remote primary health workers.
Australian Journal of Primary Health v.14 no.1 Apr 2008: 106-112

Globally, health workforce shortages in rural and remote areas signicantly affect the capability of health systems, both public and private, to deliver their services. Regional and national governments and academic and professional bodies have been active in attempting to address the situation. This paper overviews the extensive human resources literature on recruitment and retention. Findings are contrasted with recent Australian and international research literature investigating health workforce issues. The context of rural health service delivery, workforce issues and recruitment and retention strategies implemented are discussed. Recruitment and retention issues for the rural and remote health workforce would be well understood if human resources knowledge was applied to the problem. However, few retention strategies were identified other than for general practitioners and no analyses of their effectiveness could be found. Health employers need to use the body of knowledge developed in the business sector to implement recruitment and retention strategies consistently, evaluate them and report the findings. 'Silos' created by a sector or discipline-specific approach can be broken down by seeking knowledge from a number of disciplines. Health research can then focus on developing models of health care that address professional and community needs. (Journal abstract)

Australian Journal of Rural Health

National Rural Health Alliance http://www.ruralhealth.org.au

Wakerman, John. (Director, Centre for Remote Health, PO Box 4066, Alice Springs, NT 0871)
Rural and remote public health in Australia: building on our strengths.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 52-55

Enhanced disease prevention and health promotion efforts based on a better understanding of rural urban inequalities are needed if the health inequalities between metropolitan and rural Australia are to be eliminated. This article discusses these inequalities, the characteristics of rural public health practice, rural public health policy, action and research, and what can be done to improve rural health. The article concludes that despite the strong evidence of health inequalities, many rural and remote residents feel a strong sense of well being and connection to where they live. A deficit view of the bush is neither justified nor helpful. Future effort to reduce inequalities between rural and urban health should acknowledge rural and remote area advantages and build on the strength of rural and remote public health infrastructure, ingenuity and practice.

Smith, Karly B; Humphreys, John S; Wilson, Murray G A. (School of Rural Health, Monash University, PO Box 666, Bendigo Vic 3552 (1,2); School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 (3))
Addressing the health disadvantage of rural populations: how does epidemiological evidence inform rural health policies and research?
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 56-66

A comprehensive literature review of rural urban health status differentials within Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the USA, the UK and a variety of other western European nations was undertaken to understand the differences in life expectancy and cause specific morbidity and mortality. While rural location plays a major role in determining the nature and level of access to and provision of health services, it does not always translate into health disadvantage. When controlling for major risk determinants, rurality per se does not necessarily lead to rural urban disparities, but may exacerbate the effects of socio economic disadvantage, ethnicity, poorer service availability, higher levels of personal risk and more hazardous environmental, occupational and transportation conditions. Programs to improve rural health will be most effective when based on policies that target all risk determinants collectively contributing to poor rural health outcomes. Focusing solely on 'area based' explanations and responses to rural health problems may divert attention from more fundamental social and structural processes operating in the broader context to the detriment of rural health policy formulation and remedial effort. (Journal abstract, edited)

D'Abbs, Peter; Schmidt, Barbara; Dougherty, Kathryn; Senior, Kate. (School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, PO Box 6811, Cairns Qld 4870 (1,2); Community Health, Cairns Health Service District, Queensland Health, Cairns Qld 4870 (3); Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811 (4))
Implementing a chronic disease strategy in two remote Indigenous Australian settings: a multi-method pilot evaluation.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 67-74

A pilot evaluation was conducted in two Cape York communities between August and December 2005 to test the implementation of an evaluation framework developed for the North Queensland Indigenous Chronic Disease Strategy (NQICDS). A process evaluation with health centre staff was carried out, and an outcome evaluation was undertaken using clinical audits of random samples of the adult population, performance indicators and ethnographic fieldwork. Although implementation of NQICDS had progressed further in one community than the other, some common issues emerged, especially lack of linkages between health centres and other groups and lack of support for client self management. The pilot evaluation showed that the evaluation framework is an effective and acceptable framework for monitoring implementation of the NQICDS at the primary health centre level.

Senior, Kate; Chenhall, Richard. (Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811 (1,2))
Lukumbat marawana: a changing pattern of drug use by youth in a remote Aboriginal community.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 75-79

This study examined marijuana use by youth in a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory over a five year period. It recorded emergent themes in the attitudes towards marijuana use among remote Indigenous residents. The results show that restrictions in the availability of alcohol and petrol have led to increased use of marijuana with serious social and community consequences. Efforts to control licit substances, such as alcohol, in remote communities need to be addressed in the context of understanding the dynamics of alcohol and drug use in totality as well as interventions that address underlying structural and social inequalities. (Journal abstract, edited)

Lyle, David; Hobba, Janet; Lloyd, Karen; Bennett, Debbie; George, Trish; Giddings, Nicolla; Griffin, Norma; Chew, Patrick C L; Harris, Mark; Heading, Gaynor. (Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, PO Box 457, Broken Hill NSW 2880 (1); GP Down South, Mandurah WA (2); Wellington Community and Allied Health, Greater Western Area Health Service, Wellington NSW (3,4,5,6,7); Southern Area Health Service, Brisbane Qld (8); West Region NSW Attorney Generals Department, Dubbo NSW (9); Cancer Institute NSW, PO Box 41, Alexandria NSW 1435 (10))
Mobilising a rural community to lose weight: impact evaluation of the WellingTonne Challenge.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 80-85

The National Action Agenda for the prevention and control of obesity in Australia identified community action and development as a key theme. The WellingTonne Challenge was a whole of community project in Wellington, New South Wales, designed to support a small rural community to lose weight and reduce their risk of chronic disease. The project successfully engaged the community, with around 10 per cent of the target group formally participating in the Challenge. Participants achieved a weight reduction of around 3 kg each, as well as positive changes in diet and physical activity. A total of 59 per cent of those who signed up for the Challenge achieved an accumulated loss of 687 kg at the end of the 12 week program. This was less than the community goal of 1000 kg; however, the results show that the WellingTonne Challenge is a promising intervention. Wider implementation of this approach in other small rural communities might make a significant contribution to the national effort. A more rigorous evaluation should be undertaken to determine whether this approach benefits communities in the longer term. (Journal abstract, edited)

Heading, Gaynor. (Centre for Remote Health Research, Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, PO Box 457, Broken Hill NSW 2880)
Rural obesity, healthy weight gain and perceptions of risk: struggles, strategies and motivation for change.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 86-91

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore risk logics, embodiment (the interplay between the physical, social and subjective body) and issues related to adult obesity in remote New South Wales. Semistructured interviews and visual aids (food and exercise palm cards) were used to explore the saliency of food and exercise options among the 19 adult participants. A short demographic survey incorporated self reported body mass index. Thematic analysis revealed 14 major weight related themes. Respondents raised numerous explanations for their weight gain, reported struggles with weight loss, revealed a range of motivations for weight loss and a variety of approaches to risk, not all of which are aligned to dominant health discourse. The results revealed the need for realistic interventions incorporating social meaning and pleasure seeking. Obesity interventions promoting 'easy' healthy choices also need to acknowledge embodiment and social status linked to consumption. Interventions that ignore the complexity surrounding consumption, for example, the interplay of social taste, group distinction and embodiment, will have lower relevance and effectiveness. (Journal abstract, edited)

Vaughan, Clare; Kilkkinen, Annamari; Philpot, Benjamin; Brooks, Joanne; Schoo, Adrian; Laatikainen, Tiina; Chapman, Anna; Janus, Edward D; Dunbar, James A. (Greater Health, Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, PO Box 423, Warrnambool Vic 3280 (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))
Physical activity behaviours of adults in the Greater Green Triangle region of rural Australia.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 92-99

Cross sectional surveys were carried out with 1546 adults in the Greater Green Triangle area (covering the Limestone Coast of South Australia, and Corangamite Shire and Wimmera in Victoria) during 2004-2006. The purpose of the surveys was to assess physical activity (PA) behaviours of adults in rural Australia. The results showed that approximately 80 per cent of participants, more women than men, engaged in 30 minutes or more of daily PA. Only 30 per cent of men and 21 per cent of women did moderate to vigorous PA for at least 20-30 minutes four or more times a week. One fifth of adults were inactive. While there was a high prevalence of participants who engaged in daily PA, few did so at moderate to vigorous intensity to achieve health benefits. As occupational PA is difficult to change, improvements in levels of PA are more likely during leisure time and for some people by engaging in commuting PA. (Journal abstract, edited)

Quine, Susan; Morrell, Stephen. (School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (1,2))
Feeling safe in one's neighbourhood: variation by location among older Australians.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 115-116

Feeling safe in one's neighbourhood is an important aspect of well being, particularly in old age. In 1999, New South Wales Health conducted a statewide health and well being survey with people aged 65 years and over who were living independently in the community. The majority of respondents reported feeling safe all or most of the time. There was a significant trend by location for feeling safe in one's neighbourhood, with those in small rural communities being most likely to give this response. These findings present a perceived advantage in living in small rural communities, which may act as an incentive for prospective retirees to make a sea or tree change.

Eckermann, Sarah; Howard, Sara. (Primary Health Care Research and Information Service, Department of General Practice, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001 (1,2))
Health workforce crisis: how to achieve a work-life balance.
Australian Journal of Rural Health v.16 no.2 Apr 2008: 117

Health workforce shortages in Australia have reached crisis point and staff are overworked, stressed and tired. In rural areas, 40 per cent of doctors work more than 60 hours a week, compared with 26 per cent of metropolitan doctors. The Federal Government has recognised the importance of work life balance and provides support to rural doctors through the Workforce Support for Rural General Practitioners program, which includes funding for social activities and family support. This article discusses issues related to work life balance for people in the health workforce and includes information about useful online resources.

Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest

Australian Review of Public Affairs, School of Economics and Political Science, University of Sydney http://www.australianreview.net/

Wilson, Shaun; Meagher, Gabrielle. (Lecturer, Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 (1); Professor of Social Policy, Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (2))
Symposium: Is it time for a universal dental scheme in Australia? Editors' introduction.
Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest Oct 2007: 6p, Online
http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2007/election/wilson_meagher. html

Dental care receives little public funding in Australia, compared with other areas of medicine. This article provides a summary of the attitudes and opinions of those who have been involved in dental health policy and of others involved in investigating options for dental care. The article introduces a collection of three papers that offer accounts of the obvious and less obvious reasons for the neglect of dental care in Australia, ranging from ideology to entrenched interests and history.

Spencer, John; Harford, Jane. (Professor of Social and Preventive Dentistry, and Co-Director (1), Research Fellow (2), Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, SA 5005)
Inequality in oral health in Australia.
Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest Oct 2007: 10p, Online
http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2007/election/spencer_harfor d .html

The links between oral health and general health are widely acknowledged. However, inequalities in dental care seem to have become accepted within the health care system. This article explores what is known about oral health inequality and investigates options for ways of reducing inequality.

Lewis, Jenny M. (Director, Master of Public Policy and Management Program, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010)
The road to oral health policy innovation in Australia.
Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest Oct 2007: 4p, Online
htt p://www.australianreview.net/digest/2007/election/lewis.html

The history of Australian dental health policy in Australia since the abolition of the Commonwealth Dental Program in 1997 is summarised. The article notes the Australian Labor Party's commitment to restoring the Program, but argues for a more universal approach through funding some dental services under Medicare.

Saunders, Peter. (Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052)
Dentistry, deprivation and poverty.
Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest Oct 2007: 4p, Online
http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2007/election/saunders.html

New research into the nature and causes of social disadvantage in Australia has highlighted the way in which restricted access to dental treatment is contributing to deprivation, social exclusion and poverty. A series of focus groups with users of welfare services was run in New South Wales, aimed at getting service users to talk about their problems and aspirations so that research could reflect first hand the experience of poverty. Among the themes that emerged from these groups was that the absence of an affordable public dental scheme for low income and disadvantaged people is a major cause of deprivation and social exclusion.

Spies-Butcher, Ben; Stebbing, Adam. (Lecturer (1), PhD Candidate (2), Department of Sociology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109)
Labor's new upper class welfare: the First Home Savers Account.
Australian Review of Public Affairs Digest Mar 2008: 8p, Online
http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2008/03/spies-butcher_stebbing. html

The Australian Government proposes to introduce the First Home Saver Accounts Scheme in 2008 to assist first home buyers in saving for a deposit while encouraging a savings culture. This critique of the Scheme questions the equity of the proposal and its efficacy in addressing the issue of housing affordability for families.

Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter

Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/

Quadara, Antonia. (Senior Research Officer, Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Developing ethical sexual lives: young people, sex and sexual assault prevention.
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.15 Sept 2007: 5-8, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n15.html

A three year project exploring sexual assault prevention education to promote ethical, non violent relationships among young women and men is being undertaken by researchers at the University of Western Sydney and the NSW Rape Crisis Centre. ' Developing ethical sexual lives' reports on Stage 1 of the project. This article reviews the report and summarises the Stage 1 findings. It discusses the mismatch between experience and education, formal and informal sex education, and ideas about violence and sexuality education. Conclusions from this first stage of the project are that: gender continues to be a major influence on how young men and young women think about and experience sexual intimacy; consent, gender and communication overlap; awareness about sexual assault and information about support services for victims and survivors needs to be increased; more needs to be done to address the diversity and complexity of relationships within school curricula and to support suitably qualified educators in implementing the curriculum.

Boyd, Cameron. (Research Officer, Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Perspectives on the treatment of men and boys who sexually abuse.
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.15 Sept 2007: 11-19, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n15.html

Much of the literature on the treatment of men and boys who are sexually violent is concerned with the childhood experiences of individuals and the psychological consequences of those experiences in explaining sexually abusive behaviour. An alternative perspective emphasises gender, social and cultural factors to inquire what it is about masculinity, power, sexuality and violence that causes men to sexually dominate others less powerful than themselves. This article first explores the tension between these divergent views, and then focuses on treatment literature that places gender and power at the centre of understanding and working with boys and young men who commit sexual violence. The article highlights the relevance of a feminist informed gender analysis of sexual offending and discusses ways in which treatment providers and researchers can build upon the insights of this perspective in working with boys and men who sexually abuse.

Quadara, Antonia. (Senior Research Officer, Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Considering ' elder abuse' and sexual assault.
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.15 Sept 2007: 20-26, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n15.html

How does the violence experienced by older people intersect with gender? Many researchers have noted that it is important to understand how violence against older women, particularly sexual assault, is connected to gendered violence experienced over the lifespan. For many women, the dynamics of what may be termed ' elder abuse' and previous sexual violence has much in common. This article considers the research on the nature and impact of sexual assault against older women, and discusses its implications for responding to older women as victims / survivors of sexual assault.

Song, Anna. (Friends of ' Comfort Women' in Australia)
Friends of ' Comfort Women' .
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.15 Sept 2007: 27-30, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n15.html

In this interview, Anna Song talks about the 'comfort women' who were the victims of trafficking by the Japanese government into sexual slavery during World War II. She explains the issues faced by comfort women and their families, the purpose and activities of Friends of Comfort Women in Australia (FCWA) in supporting the women and lobbying on their behalf, how FCWA came to be established, and its goals for the future.

Boursnell, Melanie; Lee, Tamara; Chung, Donna. (Sexual Assault Prevention Worker (1), Senior Projects Manager (2), Violence, Abuse and Neglect Service, Northern Sydney Central Coast Area Health Service, Holden Street, Gosford NSW 2250; Centre of Gender Studies, University of South Australia, St Bernards Rd, Magill SA 5072 (3))
Tell us what you know: surveying university students' attitudes about sexual assault.
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.16 2008: 4-12, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n16.html

There is a significant body of knowledge pertaining to US college students' experiences and attitudes towards sexual assault, however there is relatively little documented data regarding peoples' attitudes and opinions across a broader age spectrum in Australia. This paper presents data gathered during a 2006 university orientation week on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. The data provide a unique insight into the attitudes and opinions about the sexual assault of a wide age spectrum of women and men. The data are part of a survey undertaken as a needs assessment for the local area (Central Coast, NSW) health service's Sexual Assault Prevention Strategy. (Journal abstract, edited)

Imbesi, Renee. (CASA House (Centre Against Sexual Assault), 270 Cardigan Street, Carlton Vic 3053)
Engaging young people in leadership roles in the prevention of sexual assault: the CASA House Peer Educator Project.
Aware: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault Newsletter no.16 2008: 13-17, and Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n16.html

The Peer Educator Project is a new peer education program for sexual assault prevention and support for secondary school students in Victoria. The Project extends the work of the Sexual Assault Prevention Program, and empowers young people to take up a leadership role in their school community. This article introduces the project, and describes its rationale and development. Young people's peer networks have a huge influence on their sexual behaviour, values, and choices, and research has shown they turn to each other first before contacting adults. The Peer Educator role are not intended to be counsellors or behavioural role models, but rather 'opinion leaders', with their public advocacy demonstrating the significance of sexual assault. The article discusses some of the research on peer education and the sensitive issues involved. Training for the pilot program has now commenced.

BMC Health Services Research

BMC Health Services Research http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/

Smith, James A; Braunack-Mayer, Annette; Wittert, Gary; Warin, Megan. (Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health & Clinical Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005 (1,2); Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005 (1,3); Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3HN, UK (3))
It's sort of like being a detective: understanding how Australian men self-monitor their health prior to seeking help.
BMC Health Services Research v.8 no. 56 Mar 2008: 1-10, Online (PDF 276KB)
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/8/56/abstract

It is commonly held that men delay help seeking because they are ignorant about and disinterested in their health. Discussion has not been informed by men's lay perspectives, which have remained almost entirely absent from scholarship relating to men's help seeking practices. In this paper, the authors draw on semi structured interviews with 36 South Australian men to examine their understandings of help seeking and health service use. The authors show that the men in their study were actively engaged in the self monitoring of their health and suggest that these findings offer an alternative approach for understanding how to promote men's interaction with health services. (Journal abstract, edited)

Brisbane Line

Brisbane Institute http://www.brisinst.org.au/

Baum, Scott. (Acting Director, Urban Research Program, Griffith University)
Making space for social inclusion.
Brisbane Line Apr 2008: 1p, Online only
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=155

The distribution of advantage and disadvantage has always had a spatial component. Wealth appears to attract more wealth around it, and likewise for poverty and hardship. These spatial dimensions of the economic and social landscape are becoming more pronounced in Australian cities. This article highlights the problems, noting in particular the disparities in income and employment levels across the suburbs of Brisbane. It proposes that consideration of social inclusion is incorporated into the planning of metropolitan areas. (Journal abstract, edited)

De Leo, Diego. (Professor of Psychopathology and Suicidology and Director, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan Qld 4111)
Suicide in the elderly.
Brisbane Line Dec 2007: 2p, Online
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=121

Suicide rates among older people have been a concern in the past and could be expected to be more so as the population continues to age. However, current trends in suicide rates disprove that aged societies have increasing elderly suicide rates. In this article the author discusses some of the factors surrounding these trends and issues. (Journal abstract, edited)

Homel, Ross; Freiberg, Kate; Branch, Sara. (Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice (1), Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance (2,3), Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan Qld 4111)
Pathways to a better quality of life for children and families through smarter social systems.
Brisbane Line May 2007: 1p, Online
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=25

The wellbeing of children and their families is a critical factor determining the future of a nation, making support for those who are disadvantaged an important priority of policy. In this article, the authors report on the first phase of a project investigating how to best deliver such support. Pathways to Prevention is a collaboration between the Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance (Griffith University) and Mission Australia, with the support of the Queensland government. A key aim of the project is to bring together systems of support to enhance the wellbeing of children and families living in a disadvantaged area of Brisbane.

Dela Rama, Marie. (PhD Candidate, Business Management, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007)
Private equity, subsidies and the care sector.
Brisbane Line Nov 2007: 2p, Online
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=69

We are hearing more and more about private equity nowadays. But while it is growing in importance and influence, the nature and purposes of private equity appear little understood. In this article, the author shines a light on recent private equity activity in the aged care sector in Australia and internationally. (Journal abstract, edited)

Hoy, Wendy. (Director, Centre for Chronic Diseases, University of Queensland, Qld 4072)
Planning for Indigenous health in the long term.
Brisbane Line Oct 2007: 2p, Online
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=10

The epidemic of disease in Australia's Indigenous people represents a serious failure of public policy. The author has been documenting the large gap in health between the Indigenous and general population. In this article, she outlines a number of key principles and policies that are needed to address the problems at a fundamental level. (Journal abstract, edited)

Hewett, Andrew. (Executive Director, Oxfam Australia)
Closing the gap and healing the divide.
Brisbane Line Oct 2007: 2p, Online
http://www.brisinst.org.au/past-issue-details.php?article_id=63

Progress in Indigenous affairs in Australia always seems inadequate to meet the continuing crisis in living standards and conditions of Indigenous people. In this article the author considers a few of the reasons why the lack of political will in addressing the problems persists. (Author abstract, edited)

Child Abuse & Neglect

International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse & Neglect http://www.ispcan.org

Powell, Martine B; Fisher, Ronald P; Hughes-Scholes, Carolyn H. (School of Psychology, Deakin University (1,3); Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami US (2))
The effect of intra- versus post-interview feedback during simulated practice interviews about child abuse.
Child Abuse & Neglect v.32 no.2 2008: 213-227

The effectiveness of two types of instructor feedback in practice interviews about child abuse was compared in this study. In the first type, feedback was provided at the end of the session. In the second type, the instructor stopped the interviewer during the practice interview to provide feedback. Interviewers' performance, specifically their ability to adhere to open ended questions, was measured immediately before, immediately after and 12 weeks after the practice and feedback sessions. The results showed better results immediately after the practice sessions among participants who had received feedback during the sessions. The study concluded that while different types of feedback can be differentially effective in training child abuse investigators, the benefits of any training program are likely to be short lived without ongoing practice.

Coohey, Carol; O' Leary, Patrick. (School of Social Work, University of Iowa, US (1); Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK, and School of Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, St Bernards Rd, Magill SA 5072 (2))
Mothers' protection of their children after discovering they have been sexually abused: an information-processing perspective.
Child Abuse & Neglect v.32 no.2 2008: 245-259

A sample of 85 mothers who were involved with child protection services in Iowa included 48 mothers who consistently protected their children and 37 who did not. The aim of the study was to understand why some mothers do not protect their children consistently after they find out that the child has been sexually abused. The results showed that some maternal characteristics, such as mothers' mental health and substance abuse, were not related to protecting their children consistently but other variables, such as domestic violence, were. Mothers who do not perceive sexual abuse will not believe that abuse occurred or attribute responsibility to the abuser. Helping mothers to understand the nature of sexual abuse may change their beliefs and attributions.

Child Maltreatment: Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children

Sage Publications http://www.sagepub.com

Tarren-Sweeney, Michael. (Conjoint Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Consultant Psychologist, New South Wales Children's Court Clinic, NSW, and Senior Lecturer in Child and Family Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand)
Predictors of problematic sexual behavior among children with complex maltreatment histories.
Child Maltreatment: Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children v.13 no.2 May 2008: 182-198

This article examines the developmental mechanisms for sexual behaviour problems (SBP) among pre-adolescent children. Numerous studies have identified links between SBP and child sexual abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and family dysfunction, but the mechanisms behind these are still largely speculative. To explore this further, this article analyses findings from the Children in Care Study, which is a study on the mental health of children in court-ordered foster and kinship care in New South Wales. These children have faced complex exposure to maltreatment and other problems and are at high risk for SBP, allowing multiple influences to be examined. The analysis found several independent predictors, and the author presents several hypotheses for SBP development based on attachment disturbances.

* Children and Youth Services Review

Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com

Tarren-Sweeney, Michael. (Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308 and School of Educational Studies and Human Development, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand)
Retrospective and concurrent predictors of the mental health of children in care.
Children and Youth Services Review v.30 no. 1 Jan 2008: 1-25

Using data from the Children in Care Study, which is a study on the mental health of children in court-ordered foster and kinship care in New South Wales, this article identifies retrospective and concurrent predictors of mental health problems in children. Key predictors include age at entry into care, developmental difficulties, maltreatment, recent adverse events, and placement insecurity. This article discusses the findings, the other study factors, the possible developmental mechanisms, and the implications for prevention.

Childrenz Issues

Children's Issues Centre, University of Otago http://www.otago.ac.nz/cic/ ; Online from Informit http://search.informit.com.au/

Alderson, Priscilla. (Institute of Education, University of London)
Do children become patients by medical diagnosis or economic status?
Childrenz Issues v.12 no.1 2008: 7-11

This article identifies eight groups of children: those who are mainly healthy who become child patients, or mainly ill children who are denied health care. The article questions whether children become patients through medical diagnosis or economic influences, and seeks to explain seemingly illogical international patterns in child health and illness. (Journal abstract)

London, Julie. (Educational Play Therapist, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville Vic 3052)
Planning for positive outcomes: personalised pre-admission preparation for children coming to hospital.
Childrenz Issues v.12 no.1 2008: 20-23,39

A visit to hospital and any accompanying treatments or surgery can be a daunting experience for children, as well as for the broader family unit. Although there have been numerous studies on minimising the impact of hospitalisation on children and their families, much of the work has focused on the child as a hospital inpatient. This article explores the themes of body image and psychosocial well being in the context of a program focused on thorough preparation of children for surgical or medical interventions. Prior to admission the child, parent(s) and educational play therapist develop the program together. The individualised nature of the preparation gives the child and family non threatening and meaningful information. The format, time frame, and tools agreed upon enable other relevant community agencies (for example, the child's school) to be involved also not only in understanding what the child will experience, but also by having tangible tools to assist in preparing the child for the experience. This article outlines three case studies which collectively exemplify the process, highlight specific tools and illustrate their use in preparing the child not only for the intervention, but also understanding the impact of the intervention on the child's body and body image.

Bartle, Carol. (Lactation Consultant and Educator, Christchurch Women's Hospital, Christchurch NZ)
Perspectives on breastfeeding and feeding interventions in neonatal intensive care.
Childrenz Issues v.12 no.1 2008: 28-35

Decisions about breastfeeding and mode of infant feeding are complex in neonatal intensive care environments. Layers of maternal breastfeeding intention, action, expectation, understanding, and experience jostle for meaning and 'sense making' amid technology, staff expectations, nursing experiences, breastfeeding knowledge, and breastfeeding and mothering judgements. This article discusses breastfeeding in neonatal intensive care unit (NICLI) environments and examines how breastfeeding fares when infant formula and bottle feeding are normalised and breastfeeding success is measured using bottle feeding understandings and expectations. 'Intervention' is also examined from a different perspective. Short sections of narratives from mothers with NICLJ breastfeeding experiences are also presented to enrich understanding.

Hutton, Alison. (School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001)
Privacy, independence and peer interaction on an adolescent ward.
Childrenz Issues v.12 no.1 2008: 36-39

Adolescent hospital wards have been purpose built for adolescent patients, with the attached ideal that these settings will provide privacy, independence and peer interaction for these patients. This article reports on findings from a study which suggests that even though privacy, independence and peer interaction are available on the ward, the dual needs of nursing staff and adolescent patients come into conflict. The nurse's need to observe their patient and ensure that they are safe will override the adolescent's opportunities for privacy, independence or peer interaction even in an environment that is set up for adolescent patients. (Journal abstract)

Ludbrook, Robert. (Legal and Policy Consultant)
Children and the law update.
Childrenz Issues v.12 no.1 2008: 47-50,52

The year 2007 was good for New Zealand children and their rights. In this article the author identifies changes to the law, parliamentary reports, court decisions and government announcements affecting children. He provides information on the following topics: Removal of parental power of physical punishment; Children, Young Persons and their Families Amendment Bill; Babies able to spend more time with mothers in prison; Move to get tough on young offenders not supported; Progress towards equal pay for children's work; Low pay and poor conditions for children who contract their services; Children and electro-convulsive therapy; Unfair expulsion of students from school; Changing judicial attitudes towards children and their rights; and the Government acting promptly on the Law Commission's recommendations.

Chisholm Health Ethics Bulletin

Caroline Chisholm Centre for Health Ethics http://www.chisholm.healthethics.com.au/

McGovern, Kevin; Khalafzai, Rida Usman. (Director (1), Research Officer (2), Caroline Chisholm Centre for Health Ethics, 7th Floor, 166 Gipps Street, East Melbourne Vic 3000)
Australian research code.
Chisholm Health Ethics Bulletin v.13 no.3 Autumn 2008: 4-7

The Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research was released by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Research Council and Universities Australia in August 2007. This article summarises the Code's Part A, Responsible research conduct, and Part B, Investigating research misconduct. It then comments on aspects of the Code, particularly the issues of research misconduct and ethics training for researchers.

McGovern, Kevin. (Director, Caroline Chisholm Centre for Health Ethics, 7th Floor, 166 Gipps Street, East Melbourne Vic 3000)
Preventing pregnancy after rape.
Chisholm Health Ethics Bulletin v.13 no.3 Autumn 2008: 7-9

What may be done ethically to prevent pregnancy after rape? The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is the only proper place for sexual intercourse and forbids contraception except in the special case of rape. After rape, a woman may use contraceptive measures but not abortifacient ones. There are three competing positions as to how this guideline is expressed in practical terms. In the 'pregnancy approach', pregnancy testing is carried out to determine if the woman is already pregnant, in which case no contraceptive measure is used; in all other cases a contraceptive is used. The 'ovulation approach' tests for proximity to ovulation as well as for pregnancy, and again the contraceptive is not used if either test is positive. The third approach is to administer no treatment; advocates hold the use of any hormonal contraceptive, even after rape, to be inconsistent with Catholic standards. This article discusses the efficacy of the hormonal contraceptive levonorgestrel (LNG) in preventing pregnancy, and the ethical issues for Catholics.

E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law

eLaw, Murdoch University https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/

Grover, Sonia. (Associate Professor of Education, Lakehead University, Canada)
The service provider's duty of care to children and families in the child protection context: challenging the Supreme Court of Canada's 2007 decision in Syl Apps Secure Treatment Center v B.D.
E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law v.14 no.2 Oct 2007: 11-27, Online (PDF 99KB)
https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/issues/2007/2/Elaw_service_provider_duty.pdf

This paper argues that state service providers owe a common law positive duty of care to both children at risk and families in the child protection context. This issue is discussed in the context of a landmark 2007 Canadian Supreme Court of Canada case Syl Apps Secure Treatment Center v B.D. However, the case raises important considerations regarding the role of child protection services for other jurisdictions as well. In particular, the case illustrates how the best interests of the child principle can be misappropriated to allegedly alleviate the State's service providers of their duty of care to families in the child protection context. The end result is a denial of substantive justice to families and ultimately an undermining of children's rights as well as is explained. (Journal abstract)

Family Matters

Australian Institute of Family Studies http://www.aifs.gov.au/

Hayes, Alan; Gray, Matthew. (Director (1), Deputy Director - Research (2), Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Social inclusion: a policy platform for those who live particularly challenged lives.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 4-7

In many developed economies there is currently a focus on how the lives of the most disadvantaged in society can be improved and the role that governments can play in this. A number of European countries have embraced a social policy approach that places a priority on those who are excluded from the opportunities that promote wellbeing. This article provides a brief overview of social inclusion and related literatures and some of the issues surrounding the concept. It concludes that while social inclusion has been adopted as an organising principle for social policy in a number of countries, the experience of these countries is mixed and the extent to which the social inclusion agenda has been successful is contested. It concludes that it is important that Australia learns from the international experiences to take what worked and avoid some of the pitfalls. An overview of the other articles in the edition is also provided.

Saunders, Peter. (Australian Professorial Fellow and Research Professor, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052)
Measuring wellbeing using non-monetary indicators: deprivation and social exclusion.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 8-17

New frameworks and indicators are needed that relate more directly to the actual experience of poverty by capturing its multidimensional nature. This article focuses on the deprivation and social exclusion approaches, and examines the extent of each among Australian families using data from The Left Out and Missing Out social survey. The research identifies a set of items that constitute the essentials of life - things that no one in Australia should have to go without - and these form the basis of the indicators of deprivation (missing out on them because of a lack of resources) and exclusion (being left out of participation in common activities). The deprivation indicators highlight the fact that many families are unable to afford to meet even the most basic needs for food, shelter and good health. The exclusion indicators show how lack of access to important health and community services and exclusion from social and economic activities are also common. Addressing the different dimensions of social disadvantage will not emerge as an automatic spin-off of efforts to maximise economic growth, but developing programs to combat the different forms of social disadvantage is an important challenge.

Smart, Diana F; Sanson, Ann V; Toumbourou, John W. (General Manager (Research), Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000 (1); ARACY Network Coordinator and Professor, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010 (2); Chair of Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Deakin University (Waterfront Campus), 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong Vic 3217 (3))
How do parents and teenagers get along together? Views of young people and their parents.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 18-27

The parent-child relationship is closely linked to child well being, and yet the period of adolescence is widely believed to be a time of conflict and stress. Drawing upon data from the Australian Temperament Project - a longitudinal study of children and their development - this article examines whether parents and teenagers are getting along together, and whether this affects adolescent temperament and development. Findings are presented on parents and teenagers views on relationship quality; whether these views agreed; and the association with family conflict, parenting style, and adolescent personal characteristics, social skills, self esteem, peer relations, and school problems. These findings are in line with many other studies which show that most parents and teenagers enjoy good relationships.

Gray, Matthew; Edwards, Ben; Zmijewski, Norbert. (Deputy Director - Research (1), Research Fellow (2), Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic; Former Section Manager, Research and Data Section, Disability Policy and Coordination Branch, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs, PO Box 7788, Canberra Mail Centre ACT 2610 (3))
Caring and women's labour market participation.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 28-35

The impact of caring on the income and labour market participation of carers can be substantial. In this article, the authors describe the labour force status of carers who receive an Australian Government payment directed to carers, with a particular focus on the degree to which non-employed carers want to be in paid employment. The extent to which having caring responsibilities has a causal impact upon labour force participation, and the job changes that employed carers have made as a consequence of their caring responsibilities are also explored, as are the implications of paid work for the income of carers. (Journal abstract)

Moore, Tim; McArthur, Morag; Noble-Carr, Debbie. (Research Fellow (1), Director (2), Researcher (3), Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, PO Box 256, Dickson ACT 2602)
Stuff you'd never think of: children talk about homelessness and how they'd like to be supported.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 36-43

This article reports on research carried out with children who had experienced homelessness in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), which involved taking a comprehensive and innovative qualitative methodology for engaging the children in the project. This article discusses what 'homelessness' means to children who have accompanied their parents during periods of homelessness. Although problematic, children reported that during periods of homelessness they felt connected and supported by their families and that their parents mitigated some of its negative affects. They believed that having lived through difficult times they and their families had developed an appreciation for life and a sense that they could overcome future challenges. Children's involvement in research such as this contributes to our knowledge about how children experience homelessness and having a home in important way.

Brown, Thea. (Professor, Department of Social Work, Monash University, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East Vic 3145 and Adjunct Professor, School of Social Work, La Trobe University, Bundoora Vic 3083)
An evaluation of a new post-separation and divorce parenting program.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 44-51

The Parenting Orders Program was developed in Australia to provide post-separation and divorce psycho-educational and support services to parents with disputes or conflicts. This article describes the history and development of the Program in Australia, and discusses the findings of an evaluation of one of these programs. The Gordoncare family welfare agency was the first to implement the program model in Victoria. Their outcome evaluation project examined the characteristics of the participating client families, and the clients' perceived value and use of the program. The findings supported the program's social and financial worth as an alternative to repeated court hearings.

Fogarty, John F. (Former Justice, Family Court of Australia, Chairman, Family Law Council, Australia)
Some aspects of the early history of child protection in Australia.
Family Matters no.78 2008: 52-59, illus.

This article traces the history of child protection in Australia - from its beginnings in the animal welfare movement of 19th century New York, then the establishment of orphanages and institutions, through United Nation responses to the great world wars, to more recent welfare action for Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory. Australia was first settled in the 18th century with British laws: children held few rights, were subject to their fathers, and could be transported as convicts as adult felons. These laws, and public values, have slowly changed since then, and the next obvious steps are the implementation of the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child and addressing the foster care system.

Hayes, Alan. (Director, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Are family changes, social trends and unanticipated policy consequences making children's lives more challenging?
Family Matters no.78 2008: 60-63

This opinion piece draws attention to the changing family and demographic trends affecting children today, including increases in divorce and single parent families, the increasing divide of disadvantage and affluence, and child abuse. These challenges can affect children's behavioural and relationship development, and are key considerations for future policy.

Family Relationships Quarterly

Australian Family Relationships Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/

Dawe, Sharon. (Professor in Clincal Psychology and Director, Griffith Psychological Health Research Centre, Griffith University Mt Gravatt Campus, Mt Gravatt 4122)
Identifying parental substance use and misuse in clinical practice.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.7 2008: 3-5, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter7.html

This article outlines identification and screening issues for practitioners concerned with parental substance misuse. Parental substance misuse increases the risk of poor outcomes for children, and substance abuse identification and risk assessment are part of a range of strategies that can be employed by practitioners and agencies who come in contact with multi-problem and at-risk families. The article discusses screening, when substance abuse impairs the capacity to provide adequate parenting, problems associated with substance dependence, key symptoms of intoxication, useful resources, and what to do next.

Voumard, Michael. (Manager, Hobart Family Relationship Centre, 178 Macquarie Street, Hobart Tas 7000)
Action research project at Hobart Family Relationship Centre.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.7 2008: 6-7, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter7.html

Service providers are increasingly expected to carry out some research and evaluation activities. Conducting large-scale experimental studies is extremely difficult in an agency environmentbhowever some agencies are managing to undertake action research as part of their ongoing monitoring and development of service provision. In this article, the author writes about how staff at the Hobart Family Relationship Centre (HFRC) used an action research approach to improve how they engage their clients who have children. (Journal abstract)

Adams, Ren. (Project Officer, Australian Family Relationships Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Conference report: 2007 FADNET National Conference.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.7 2008: 8-9, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter7.html

The third annual Family Alcohol and Drug Network (FADNET) conference was held in Melbourne, Victoria, in June 2007, with the theme 'Drugs, Families, Solutions: Getting on with family work'. This article provides an overview of the keynote addresses, papers, and workshops featured at the conference, which discussed the family impact of substance abuse by parents and other family members, prevention and harm reduction, family therapy and family involvement, national guidelines for child protection, and working with special populations, including young people with dual disabilities, pregnant women, and culturally and linguistically diverse families.

Parker, Robyn. (Senior Research Officer, Australian Family Relationships Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Agency spotlight: Anglicare WA.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.7 2008: 10-12, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter7.html

Anglicare WA is a community service organisation in Western Australia which provides a wide range of family and relationship services and training, including counselling, men's programs, post-separation services, children's contact services, parenting order programs, and relationship enhancement courses. This case study profiles their management philosophy, focusing on how Anglicare WA develop, plan, run, and review their relationship education and training programs. For example, Anglicare WA values formal partnerships with other agencies and local ties with community organisations, schools, and churches, which builds community relationships and reduces barriers to seeking help.

Riley, Helen J. (PhD. Student, Applied Ethics, School of Humanities and Human Services,, Queensland University of Technology, Beams Road, Carseldine Qld 4034)
The late discovery of adoptive status.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.7 2008: 13-15, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter7.html

This article explores the experience of learning of one's adoptive status as an adult. It presents findings from a research project, based in Queensland, which gathered the personal stories of 22 middle-aged and older adults from Australia, UK, USA, and Canada. Their stories highlight the ongoing feelings of betrayal, loss of trust, and difficulty in forgiving, and, as the literature describes, the 'sense of disrupted or subverted agency'. The author concludes by drawing attention to the issues of ethics, injustice, and recognition needed in the healing process.

Chisholm, Richard; McIntosh, Jennifer. (Honorary Professor, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 and Former Judge, Family Court of Australia (1); Director, Family Transitions Clinic, 28 Princes Street, Carlton North Vic 3054 (2))
Cautionary notes on the shared care of children in conflicted parental separations.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.8 2008: 3-4, Online
http:/ /www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter8.html

In this summary, the authors discuss the findings from their forthcoming article on the difficulties faced by the family law system in judging what is best for children in shared care arrangements. Section one of their article reports on two studies on the rates of conflict and cooperation among separated parents. Section two is a literature review on the psychological effects of shared care arrangements on young children. Section three will examine the 2006 amendments to the Family Law Act, and the paramount consideration of the best interests of the child.

Qu, Lixia; Weston, Ruth. (Research Fellow and Demographic Trends Analyst (1), General Manager (Research) and Principal Research Fellow (2), Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Attitudes towards marriage and cohabitation: family statistics and trends.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.8 2008: 5-10, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter8.html

In Australia, the proportion of unmarried couples living together increased from 6% in 1986 to 15% in 2006, and the number of married people in the population fell from 58% to just under 50%. This article explores whether these changes in marriage and cohabitation rates are a reflection of changes in public attitudes towards marriage as an institution and the acceptability of cohabitation. The article draws upon data from wave 5 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, and compares gender and age group views on the two statements, 'Marriage is an outdated institution' and 'It is alright for an unmarried couple to live together even if they have no intention of marrying'. Comparisons are also made with the Australian Family Values Survey of 1995, as well as the Family Formation Project of 1971.

Parker, Robyn. (Senior Research Officer, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Program spotlight: the Partnerships program.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.8 2008: 11-12, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter8.html

The Partnership program is a marriage education service run by volunteers from the Christian City Church in Hepburn Heights, Western Australia. This article describes the program, which aims to help couples build strong marriages through marriage preparation courses, ongoing mentoring support, and marriage enrichment courses. The article outlines the program's funding, volunteer educators, course structure, evaluation, effectiveness, and community role.

Robinson, Elly. (Manager, Australian Family Relationships Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne Vic 3000)
Conference report: Sixth Australian and New Zealand Youth Health Conference, Christchurch, 24-26 September 2007: Research into practice, evidence into policy.
Family Relationships Quarterly no.8 2008: 14-15, Online
http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter8.html

The Sixth Australian and New Zealand Youth Health Conference was held in Christchurch, New Zealand, in June 2007, with the theme 'Research into practice, evidence into policy'. This article provides an overview of selected keynote addresses and papers featured at the conference. Papers were presented on research findings concerning young people, young offenders, transitions into adulthood, transitions into offending, adolescent health, engaging young people, and interventions, as well as the issues involved in effectively utilising and disseminating research.