Bibliography

Child abuse and the Internet

Australia. Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
NetAlert: protecting Australian families online.
Canberra, ACT: Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, 2007, booklet (23p) + DVD + leaflet

NetAlert is a federal government initiative designed to protect the safety of families using the internet. It combines education, parental support and the provision of free internet content filter software to help protect children from illegal and offensive material online. The DVD in this kit provides tools and advice for parents based on the SEE model: supervise children on the internet; educate yourself and your children about online safety; and equip your family with online protection. The booklet explains the SEE model and discusses: online grooming, online abuse, inappropriate material, cyber bullying, online security, and internet content filters. It includes a glossary and contact information.

Available from: NetAlert, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts http://www.netalert.gov.au/

Child abuse, child pornography and the Internet.
Australian Children's Rights News no.38 Dec 2004: 1, 3-7

The Internet offers anonymous, cheap and easy access for the trading and collecting of child pornography. This article outlines recent research and discussions about the link between child abuse and the collection and possession of child pornography. It covers some of the issues raised during an international online discussion conducted by ISPCAN, in the 2004 report by John Carr for the NCH in Britain entitled 'Child abuse, child pornography and the Internet', and in the 2001 report by Janet Stanley for the National Child Protection Clearinghouse, entitled 'Child abuse and the Internet'.

Available from: Defence for Children International (DCI) Australia, GPO Box 3131, Canberra City 2601. Email dci-aust@dynamite.com.au. Internet http:// www.dci-au.org/

Dixon, Nicolee.
Catching 'cyber predators': the Sexual Offences (Protection of Children) Amendment Bill 2002 (Qld).
Brisbane, Qld: Queensland Parliamentary Library, 2002, 36p, (Research Brief No.2002/35), and Online (PDF 169K)
http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/view/publications/documents/research/ResearchBriefs/2002/2002035.pdf

Clause 17 of the Queensland's Sexual Offences (Protection of Children) Amendment Bill 2002 (Qld) inserts a proposed new 218A into the Criminal Code creating a new offence for a person to use electronic means with the intent to procure a child under 16 to commit a sexual act, or with the intent to expose a child under 16 to pornography. This research brief outlines the increasing online dangers, and provides examples of recent law enforcement activities. It outlines the need for a cohesive response, and notes that, under the proposed amendment, the police will be given enhanced powers to track and capture 'cyber predators' by enabling them to carry out covert operations that may include pretending to be a child on the Internet.

Available from: Queensland Parliamentary Library, Parliament House, George Street, Brisbane Qld 4000. Internet

Dixon, Nicolee.
Strengthening child pornography laws: the Criminal Code (Child Pornography and Abuse) Amendment Bill 2004 (Qld).
Brisbane, Qld: Parliamentary Library, Queensland Parliament, 2005, 26p (Research brief no.2005/04), Online only (PDF 135K)
http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/view/publications/documents/research/ ResearchBriefs/2005/200504.pdf

The role of the Internet in the growth of child pornography and the solicitation of children for sexual purposes poses a threat to effective child protection measures across Australia. This report discusses a typology of child pornography offenders and ways in which children are exposed to Internet pornography, summarises current legislation and moves towards uniform laws against child pornography throughout Australia, and reviews in more detail Queensland legislation relating to sexual offences involving children, focusing on the Queensland Criminal Code (Child Pornography and Abuse) Amendment Bill 2004.

Available from: Queensland Parliament, Parliament House, Cnr of George and Alice Streets, Brisbane QLD 4000. Internet http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au

Grant, Anna; David, Fiona; Grabosky, Peter.
Child pornography in the digital age.
ISA Journal (Incest Survivors Association) Winter 2003: 11-21, and Online
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/chpornography/

This article explores the issue of child pornography as it has been transformed by new technologies. Following a discussion of definitional issues, it provides an overview of contemporary manifestations of child pornography, particularly the transnational dimension. The article then reviews some of the counter measures which are being mobilised, and indicates what the most appropriate configuration of these counter measures might entail, in both domestic and transnational contexts. (Journal abstract)

Available from: Incest Survivors' Association, PO Box 8311, Perth Business Centre, Perth WA 6849. email isa@global.net.au

Higgins, Daryl; Bromfield, Leah.
Child maltreatment and policing in the 21st century: Workshop presentation to the Australian Police Summit, 5-6 October 2005.
Melbourne, Vic: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2005, 79p, tables, Online (PDF 1736K)
http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/papers/2005/higgins-policesummit.pdf

The four main types of child maltreatment are sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment, with a fifth, witnessing family violence, now being recognised. This presentation defines the above before going on to address myths about perpetrators of child maltreatment, disclosure, the nature of abuse and blame. It considers ways to respond to a child's disclosure of abuse, mandatory reporting requirements in states and territories, signs of maltreatment, risk factors for familial maltreatment, child maltreatment on the Internet, types of child pornography offences, and policing in the 21st century.

Available from: Australian Institute of Family Studies http://www.aifs.gov.au

International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children.
Child pornography: model legislation and global review.
Alexandria, Virginia, US: International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, 2006, 28p, tables, Online (PDF 179K)
http://www.crin.org/docs/icmc_laws.pdf

More than half of the 184 Interpol member countries have no child pornography laws, and the existing laws in many other countries are inadequate. This study reviewed existing child pornography legislation in Interpol member countries with a view to establishing whether: it is adequate; it provides a definition of child pornography; it criminalises computer facilitated offences; it criminalises possession of child pornography; it requires Internet service providers to report suspected child pornography. Only five countries met all of the criteria. Information is contained about Australia.

Available from: Child Rights Information Network http://www.crin.org/

Krone, Tony.
A typology of online child pornography offending.
Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2004, 6p (Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice no.279), tables, and Online
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi2/tandi279t.html

The Internet has increased the range, volume and accessibility of sexually abusive imagery, including child pornography. Child pornography depicts the sexual or sexualised physical abuse of children under 16 years of age. Australia has joined many other nations in an international effort to combat this multi faceted global menace that combines both heavily networked and highly individualised criminal behaviour. This paper examines the typology of online child pornography offending, as well as law enforcement responses to the problem. This work is a result of a collaborative program between the Australian Institute of Criminology and the Australian High Tech Crime Centre. (Author abstract)

Available from: Australian Institute of Criminology, GPO Box 2944, Canberra ACT 2601. Email aicpress@aic.gov.au. Internet http://www.aic.gov.au

McKenzie, M.
New website hits home: Bursting the Bubble. A guide for teenagers living with family violence.
Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre Newsletter no.3 Spring 2003: 8-12

Bursting the Bubble is a website developed by the Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre specifically to assist teenagers living with family violence, whether as witnesses or direct victims of violence or abuse. Young people are reluctant to contact services about violence but may turn to the Internet for information. This article discusses several studies of teenagers living with domestic violence which have informed development of Bursting the Bubble. Studies cover the incidence of physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect experienced by young people as well as witnessing violence in the home; the co-occurrence of child abuse and domestic violence; the effects of domestic violence on young people; and the rights of young people.

Available from: Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre, 292 Wellington Street, Collingwood Vic 3066. Internet http://www.dvrcv.org.au/

Muir, Deborah.
Violence against children in cyberspace.
Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2005, 91p, Online (PDF 1623K)
http://www.ecpat.net/eng/publications/Cyberspace/PDF/ECPAT_Cyberspace_ 2005-ENG.pdf

Children around the world are being exposed to increasingly serious violence through the Internet and other cyber technologies. This report outlines various forms of cyber violence against children, including: child pornography and 'live' online sexual abuse for paying customers, online sexual solicitation, cyber stalking and bullying, and access to illegal and harmful materials. It also discusses the use of cyberspace to network child sex tourism and trafficking. The report calls for stronger legislation and law enforcement, a global industry body to set and monitor child protection standards, and comprehensive education campaigns against the demand for children for sexual purposes.

Available from: ECPAT International http://www.ecpat.net

Patrick, K.
Surf between the flags: keep kids safe on the net.
internet.au no.92 Jul 2003: 32-36

Children use the Internet for fun, for school and for keeping in touch with friends. It is often difficult to strike the right balance between letting kids use the Internet and shielding them from some of its more confronting elements. This article asks whether it is safe for them to use it, and discusses ways of helping children to use the Internet safely.

Available from: internet.au, 78 Renwick Street, Redfern NSW 2016. Email subs@next.com.au. Internet http://publishing.next.com.au

Shrimpton, Bradley.
Bursting the Bubble: learnings from burstingthebubble.com: young peoples' views on designing effective websites.
Collingwood Vic: Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre, 2005, 28p, and Online (PDF 1.29MB, 1.92MB)
http://www.dvirc.org.au/PublicationsHub/Report_Section_1.pdf; http://www.dvirc.org.au/PublicationsHub/Report_Section_2.pdf

This booklet aims to assist community organisations and government departments with techniques for authoring websites that provide information on health and personal issues to young people. The booklet contains the results of focus group testing that examined the views of secondary school students in relation to the website burstingthebubble.com which was designed to help young people recognise abuse or domestic violence occuring in the home.

Available from: Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre, 292 Wellington Street, Collingwood Vic 3066. Internet http://www.dvrcv.org.au

Stanley, J.
The protection of children from offensive material on the Internet.
Small Screen no.184 Mar 2003: 1-2

The past decade has seen rapid development and growth in the use of electronic, computer based communication and information sharing via the Internet. There is growing evidence that the Internet is a new medium through which sexual abuse of children may occur. The author outlines some of the dangers for children associated with Internet use, and the need for research to investigate the impact of exposure of offensive material on children. The author also argues for legislation aimed at providing more effective protection for children, such as central, large scale filtering.

Available from: Young Media Australia, PO Box 447, Glenelg SA 5045. Email info@youngmedia.org.au. Internet http://www.youngmedia.org.au

Stanley, J.
'Downtime' for children on the Internet: recognising a new form of child abuse.
Family Matters no.65 Winter 2003: 22-27, and Online (PDF 515K)
http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2003/fm65/js.pdf

The author argues that the community has a responsibility to protect children from abusive experiences through the Internet, especially those children whose parents are unable or unwilling to protect them. Internet risks to children are discussed, as are are types of children likely to be at risk, and the importance of recognising and responding to Internet abuse is highlighted. What is required is more research, and comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies to protect all children who use the Internet, and particularly those who may be most vulnerable to experiencing this form of abuse.

Available from: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Level 20, 485 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Vic 3000. http://www.aifs.gov.au/

Syvret, P.
Child pawn.
The Bulletin Jun 25 2002: 36-38, ill.

This article details the work of the Brisbane police Task Force, Argos to target paedophiles online. The biggest challenge faced is the speed of technological change, especially when children are often more informed about this than their parents. The article concludes with a warning to parents, which includes the names of chat and file exchange software that can be downloaded from the Web and is used by paedophiles to contact children.

Young Media Australia.
Codes, classifications and complaints.
Glenelg, SA: Young Media Australia, 2003, 20 files, Online
http://www.youngmedia.org.au/publications/fact_sheets.htm

This series of 20 fact sheets contains information on the standards and regulation of free to air television, pay TV, films, videos, DVDs, video and computer games, the Internet, and publications. It contains the following titles: Who does what and why; Codes: free to air TV; Codes: pay TV; Codes: cinema films, home videos and DVDs; Codes: video and computer games; Codes: Internet; Codes: publications; Complaints: Guidelines for making a complaint; Complaints: free to air TV; Complaints: cinema films, home videos and DVDs; Complaints: video and computer games; Complaints: Internet; Complaints: other media.

Available from: Young Media Australia, PO Box 447, Glenelg SA 5045. Tel (08) 8376 2111. Email info@youngmedia.org.au. Internet http://www.youngmedia.org.au

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